Were the mutual anathemas of the Orthodox and Papists actually lifted?

Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople. Photo: the UGCC website

As is known, on December 7, 1965, the famous "lifting of mutual anathemas" (as they call it) took place between the Orthodox and Catholics. The “nullification” of excommunications was undertaken by the Orthodox Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople and Pope Paul VI. The former declared in council that "according to our Great Church, [it] is, from this moment, committed to oblivion and removed from the Church" [1], and the Pope agreed, stating that "we also have a desire to commit to oblivion and lift the anathemas made at that time" [2].

Since then, advocates of the "Unification of Churches" historically known as Uniates and now referred to as “ecumenists”, have believed that the anathemas between the Orthodox and the Papists were indeed lifted, and the path to "union" is open.

At the same time, some naive "zealots" believed that this act of the so-called "lifting of the anathemas" did indeed have such it essentially meant the lifting of excommunications and return to the pre-1054 state [3].

However, both ecumenists and zealots are sorely mistaken for two reasons.

Firstly, because, as noted by a great theologian of the 6th century, "the anathema of the heresy of papacy against Orthodoxy is considered to have never existed", while "the lifting of the anathema of the Orthodox Catholic Church against the heresy of papism is inherently impossible because heresy cannot, under any circumstances, be understood as a virtue and be lifted by Orthodoxy" [4]. The late Professor Panayiotis Trebelas agrees with this view, stating that "the anathema of the Orthodox Church of 1054, being lifted, was not lifted” [5].

Secondly, other anathemas were imposed between the Orthodox and Catholics, which have not been lifted. Let's consider some of them.

On behalf of the Orthodox:

(a) The Council of Constantinople of 1484 anathematises those who accept the papal novelty of Filioque: "From those who think otherwise about the Procession of the Holy Spirit, or preach, or, as we say, believe against the truth, and engage in idle talk, we turn away as from heretics and consign to anathema"[6].

b) The Holy and Great Pan-Orthodox Council of 1593, by its VIII Canon, renews the First Canon of the Council of Antioch and anathematises the Papists for delaying Easter: "We wish that that which has been decreed by the Fathers concerning Holy and Salutary Pascha remain unshaken: Before the devout Emperor Constantine, beloved of God, the Council of Nicaea set forth a decree concerning the holy and valuable celebration of Easter. If anyone, therefore, presumes to disregard this decree of the Holy and Great Council, let them be excommunicated and expelled from the church. This decree concerns the laity."[7]

c) St Cyril Lucaris, then Patriarch of Alexandria, in his famous Tomos anathematizes those who accept the Latin novelties: Filioque, the rejection of the communion of the Lord's Blood, the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist, purgatory, and the primacy of the Pope [8].

On behalf of the Papists:

a) At the Council of Trent (1545–1563), criticised and anathematised those who do not accept Filioque, including those who believe it is necessary to receive both kinds of communion (Body and Blood) during the Eucharist [9] and those who believe that children should also receive communion [10].

b) The First Vatican Council (1869–1870) anathematised those who do not recognize the full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole Сhurch, supposedly given by Christ to Peter, through whom it was accepted by all his successors, the popes [13]. It also anathematized those who question this power [14] and those who believe that the pope, when speaking ex-cathedra, is not infallible [15].

In conclusion, it can be said that the mutual anathemas of the Orthodox and Papists cannot be lifted by gestures of "goodwill" but only through repentance!

Let both parties examine Scripture and Holy Tradition who the deluded are and dare to take a step that truly removes the anathemas: to confess and accept the Truth without fear and passion, rejecting delusions and vices!

_____________________________________________________________________________________

[1] Иоанну Кармирис, «Доктринальные и символические памятники», том II, Грац 1968, стр. 1029 [1109].

[2]  Оригинальный текст: «Praeterea sententiam excommunicationis tunc latam ex Ecclesiae memoria evellere volumus ac de eius medio removere, atque eam volumus oblivione contectam et obrutam» (Karmiri, op. cit., p. 1030 [1110]).

[3] Афанасиос Сакареллос, Объединение церквей состоялось в 1965 году!

[4] Аристотель Делимпаси, Всеправославный Синод, Афины, 1976, с. 11. С. 74-75.

[5] Аристотель Делимпаси, «Ересис экуменизма», Афины, 1972, стр. 11. 250.

[6] Натанаэль Гиха, Справочник о примате Папы Римского (под ред. архимандрита Андроника Димитракопулу), Лейпциг, 1869, стр. k-ib.

[7] Досифей Иерусалимский, Том любви, Яссы 1698, стр. 11. С. 547.

[8] Там же, с. 11. С. 552-554.

[9]  «Если Святое Таинство Евхаристии причащается таинства по заповеди Божией, то это анафема» (Каноны и учения Святого Вселенского Собора в Триденто, Рим 1583, с. 103).

[10] «Если слова евхаристического общества малых детей перед различением этого пришествия необходимы, то это анафема» (там же).

[11] Оригинальный текст судебных решений (на итальянском языке): https://www.totustuustools.net/concili/vat1.htm

[12] «Итак, если кто скажет, что блаженный апостол Петр не поставлен Христом Господом начальником всех апостолов и видимым главой всей воинствующей Церкви, или что он получил непосредственно и непосредственно от Господа нашего Иисуса Христа только первенство чести, а не истинной юрисдикции, да будет анафема» (Оригинальный текст: "Perciò se qualcuno dirà che il beato apostolo Pietro non è stato costituito da Cristo signore,  principe di tutti gli apostoli e capo visibile di tutta la chiesa militante; ovvero che egli direttamente ed immediatamente abbia ricevuto dal signore nostro Gesù Cristo solo un primato d'onore e non di vera e propria giurisdizione: sia anatema»).

[13] «Итак, если кто скажет, что не установлено  Самим Христом Господом, то есть божественное право, что блаженный Петр всегда будет иметь преемников в первенстве во всей Церкви, или что Римский Понтифик не является преемником блаженного Петра в этом первенстве, да будет проклят». (Оригинальный текст: "Se, quindi, qualcuno dirà che non è per istituzione dello stesso Cristo signore, cioè per diritto divino, che il beato Pietro ha sempre dei successori nel primato su tutta la chiesa; o che il Romano pontefice non è successore del beato Pietro in questo primato: sia anatema»).

[14] «Поэтому, если кто-либо говорит, что Римский Понтифик имеет только одну должность надзора или руководства, а не полную и высшую юрисдикционную власть над всей Церковью, не только в вопросах веры и обычаев, но и в отношении дисциплины и управления Вселенской Церковью; или что она имеет только одну главную часть, а не полную полноту этой силы. или что это не является обычным и непосредственным, как во всех отдельных церквах, так и в каждом из отдельных пастырей: да будет анафема». (Оригинальный текст: «Perciò se qualcuno dirà che il Romano pontefice ha solo un potere di vigilanza o di direzione, e non, invece, la piena e suprema potestà di giurisdizione su tutta la chiesa, non solo in materia di fede e di costumi, ma anche in ciò che riguarda la disciplina e il governo della chiesa universale; o che egli ha solo una parte principale, e non, invece, la completa pienezza di questa potestà; o che essa non è ordinaria ed immediata, sia su tutte le singole chiese, che su tutti i singoli pastori: sia anatema»).

[15] «Итак, мы, верно соблюдая традицию, принятую началом христианской веры, во славу Бога Спасителя нашего, для возвышения католической религии и спасения христианских народов, с одобрения Священного Синода учим и определяем как богооткровенное учение, что когда Римский Понтифик говорит ex cathedra, то есть исполняя свой сан пастыря и учителя всех христиан, в силу Своей высшей апостольской власти он постановляет, что учению о вере или нравственности должна верить вся Церковь, ибо та Божественная помощь, которую обещал ему блаженный Петр, обладает той непогрешимостью, которой Божественный Искупитель хотел, чтобы Его Церковь была наделена, когда Он определяет учение о вере или обычаях. Поэтому эти определения сами по себе и без согласия Церкви не могут быть переформатированы. Если потом кто-то – не дай Бог! – осмеливается опровергнуть это наше определение: да будет анафема». (Оригинальный текст: «Noi, quindi, aderendo fedelmente ad una tradizione accolta fin dall'inizio della fede cristiana, a gloria di Dio, nostro salvatore, per l'esaltazione della religione cattolica e la salvezza dei popoli cristiani, con l'approvazione del santo concilio, insegniamo e definiamo essere dogma divinamente rivelato che il Romano pontefice, quando parla ex cathedra, cioè quando, adempiendo il suo ufficio di pastore e maestro di tutti i cristiani,  in virtù della sua suprema autorità apostolica definisce che una dottrina riguardante la fede o i costumi dev'essere ritenuta da tutta la chiesa, per quell'assistenza divina che gli è stata promessa nel beato Pietro, gode di quella infallibilità, di cui il divino Redentore ha voluto dotata la sua chiesa, allorché definisce la dottrina riguardante la fede o i costumi. Quindi queste definizioni sono irreformabili per virtù propria, e non per il consenso della chiesa. Se poi qualcuno – Dio non voglia! – Osasse contraddire questa nostra definizione: sia anatema»).

[16] Священное Предание – это все, что по традиции, написанной или неписаной, согласуется со Священным Писанием.

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